Sorghum and millet are two of Zimbabwe’s most important traditional crops, playing a critical role in the country’s agriculture and food security. These hardy grains have been cultivated for centuries, particularly in semi-arid regions where rainfall is scarce, and other staple crops, such as maize, often fail. Both sorghum and millet are considered “climate-smart” crops due to their drought tolerance and ability to grow in poor soils with minimal inputs. 

The Zimbabwean government, with the support of farmers, researchers, and policymakers, is working together to improve the future of sorghum and millet despite many challenges. Understanding the production, consumption, and trade of sorghum and millet is important to ensure they contribute to Zimbabwe’s long-term agricultural sustainability and economic growth.

This article explores the production and consumption trends of sorghum and millet in Zimbabwe, highlighting their growth over time, trade statistics, and the impact of these grains on rural livelihoods. 

Sorghum and millet’s importance in Zimbabwe’s agriculture.

Trends in production over different periods.

Consumption patterns and their nutritional benefits.

Export and import statistics.

Challenges and opportunities in the cultivation and utilization of these grains.

Sorghum and millet are not only staples in traditional diets but also culturally significant, used in various ceremonies, brewing, and as livestock feed. In regions with challenges like rainfall and increasing temperatures, these small grains offer farmers a reliable harvest, helping to reduce the risk of food shortages. Their ability to thrive in dry conditions makes them an essential source of nutrition and sustenance for millions of Zimbabweans, particularly in rural communities. 

Despite their potential, sorghum and millet face several challenges, including limited market access, low consumer awareness in urban areas, and competition from heavily marketed refined cereals.

In recent years, the Zimbabwean government, alongside organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and local NGOs, has been actively promoting the production and consumption of sorghum and millet. These efforts aim to improve food security, reduce reliance on maize imports, and encourage communities to embrace indigenous crops that are better suited to local climatic conditions. As a result, production levels have steadily increased, and more people are rediscovering the health benefits of incorporating these grains into their diets.

Sorghum is a vital crop in Zimbabwe, especially in semi-arid regions where its drought resistance ensures food security. The government has promoted sorghum cultivation to reduce reliance on imports and improve resilience against climate variability. 

Production Trends Over Different Periods

• 2018/2019 Season: Sorghum production was approximately 40,215 metric tonnes.
• 2019/2020 Season: Production increased to about 103,684 metric tonnes, a 158% rise from the previous season.
• 2022/2023 Season: Combined production of sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet reached 280,956 metric tonnes, up from 76,362 tonnes in 2019. 

Traditionally, sorghum has been a staple in Zimbabwean diets, especially in rural areas. However, its consumption has declined in urban regions due to the preference for maize. Recognizing its nutritional value and resilience to climate variability, there are ongoing efforts to reintroduce sorghum into mainstream diets.

• Human Consumption: Sorghum is used to prepare traditional dishes like sadza and porridge. Its high fiber content and gluten-free nature make it a healthy alternative to other cereals.
• Livestock Feed: Approximately 23% of sorghum production is utilized as livestock feed, providing a cost-effective and nutritious option for animal husbandry.
• Exports: In 2023, Zimbabwe exported grain sorghum worth $431,970, with Zambia ($324,150) and South Africa ($106,060) being the primary destinations. 

• Imports: In 2023, Zimbabwe imported grain sorghum valued at $7.006 million, primarily from South Africa ($4.31 million) and the United States ($2.695 million). 

Millet, including varieties like pearl millet and finger millet, is another essential small grain in Zimbabwe. Its adaptability to poor soils and minimal rainfall makes it a reliable crop for farmers in arid regions. 

Production Trends Over Different Periods

• 2018/2019 Season: Pearl millet production was estimated at 28,047 metric tonnes, while finger millet stood at 6,947 metric tonnes.
• 2019/2020 Season: Pearl millet production increased by 39% to 39,032 metric tonnes, and finger millet saw a 41% rise to 9,799 metric tonnes.
• 2022/2023 Season: The combined production of sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet reached 280,956 metric tonnes, indicating a significant upward trend. 

Millet remains an integral part of the diets of many Zimbabweans, particularly in rural communities. Its nutritional benefits, including high protein and mineral content, make it valuable for addressing malnutrition.

• Human Consumption: Millet is used in various traditional dishes and beverages, valued for its nutritional richness.
• Exports: In 2021, Zimbabwe exported millet worth $23,200 to South Africa.

• Imports: The country imported millet valued at $2,650 in 2021, positioning Zimbabwe as the 136th largest importer of millet globally.

The steady rise in production, from just over 76,000 metric tonnes in 2019 to nearly 281,000 metric tonnes in 2023, proves that with the right support, these crops can thrive. Government programs, NGO initiatives, and growing global recognition of the importance of climate-smart agriculture have played a vital role in this progress. Yet, the journey is far from over. To unlock the full potential of sorghum and millet, 

1. Zimbabwe must continue to invest in farmer education, improve access to high-quality seeds, and build better post-harvest and processing infrastructure

2. Consumption patterns must also evolve. While rural communities understand the value of these grains, urban populations often overlook them in favour of heavily marketed, refined cereals. Education, modern recipes, and innovative value-added products — like health-focused flours, nutritious snacks, and ready-made meals — can reignite demand. When consumers understand the nutritional power of these grains, they become more than just food; they become a tool for combating malnutrition and promoting long-term well-being.

3. Export opportunities add another layer of potential. Zimbabwe can become a regional leader in small grain production, supplying neighboring countries and even international markets where demand for gluten-free, nutrient-dense grains is rising. 

4. By enhancing market access, establishing farmer cooperatives, and building strong value chains, the country can turn its small grains into powerful economic drivers.

Sorghum and millet are not just crops in Zimbabwe — they are pillars of hope. In a country where climate change continues to challenge food production, these drought-resistant grains offer a sustainable solution to safeguard livelihoods and nourish communities. 

Despite many challenges, sorghum and millet present many opportunities for the community, businesspeople, and investors. An opportunity to build a food system that is resilient to climate shocks. An opportunity to create thriving rural economies. And most importantly, an opportunity to reconnect Zimbabweans with the rich agricultural heritage that has sustained them for centuries. With continued commitment from all sectors, Zimbabwe can turn these small grains into giants of progress.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Why are sorghum and millet important in Zimbabwe?

Sorghum and millet are drought-resistant crops suitable for semi-arid regions, making them vital for food security in areas prone to erratic rainfall.

2. How have production trends changed over the years?

There has been a significant increase in the production of these grains, with combined outputs rising from 76,362 metric tonnes in 2019 to 280,956 metric tonnes in 2023.

3. What are the nutritional benefits of consuming sorghum and millet?

Both grains are rich in fiber, proteins, and essential minerals, offering health benefits such as improved digestion and reduced risk of chronic diseases.

4. Why has there been a decline in the consumption of these grains in urban areas?

Urbanization and the preference for maize have led to a decline in the consumption of sorghum and millet in cities.

5. What steps are being taken to promote the consumption of sorghum and millet?

The government and organizations are raising awareness about the nutritional value of these grains and integrating them into various food products to boost consumption.

6. How do sorghum and millet contribute to Zimbabwe’s economy?

By reducing reliance on maize imports and providing export opportunities, these grains contribute to economic stability and growth.

7. What challenges do farmers face in cultivating sorghum and millet?

Challenges include limited access to quality seeds, inadequate market infrastructure, and competition from more popular cereals like maize.

8. Are there any government initiatives to support sorghum and millet farmers?

Yes, the government has implemented programs to provide inputs, training, and market linkages to support farmers cultivating these grains.